Angiogram Procedure
An angiogram, also known as an arteriogram, is a medical imaging test used to visualize blood vessels in the body. It is commonly used to examine arteries in the heart (coronary angiogram), brain, legs, or other parts of the body. The procedure helps doctors detect blockages, narrowing, or other abnormalities in the blood vessels that may be causing symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or leg cramps.
Why is an Angiogram Done?
Doctors recommend an angiogram when they suspect problems with blood flow, particularly in patients with risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Common reasons include:
- Chest pain or angina
- Heart attack or abnormal stress test results
- Suspected coronary artery disease
- Blockages in the leg or brain arteries
- Monitoring the condition after bypass surgery or stent placement
Preparing for the Procedure
Before the angiogram, the patient may be asked not to eat or drink for several hours. Medications, especially blood thinners, may be adjusted. The patient is advised to inform the doctor about allergies, especially to iodine or contrast dye, and any medical conditions such as diabetes or kidney disease.
Upon arrival, the patient changes into a hospital gown and receives an intravenous (IV) line for sedation or medication. Blood pressure, pulse, and oxygen levels are monitored throughout the procedure.
The Angiogram Procedure
The procedure typically takes 30 minutes to 1 hour and is performed in a special X-ray room called a catheterization lab (or cath lab).
1. Insertion Site Preparation
The doctor numbs the insertion site, usually the groin (femoral artery) or wrist (radial artery), with a local anesthetic. A small incision is made, and a thin, flexible tube called a catheter is inserted into the artery.
2. Guiding the Catheter
Using real-time X-ray imaging (fluoroscopy), the doctor gently guides the catheter through the blood vessels to the area of interest—typically the heart.
3. Injecting the Contrast Dye
Once in place, a special contrast dye is injected through the catheter into the bloodstream. This dye highlights the blood vessels on X-ray images, allowing the doctor to see areas of narrowing, blockage, or other irregularities.
After the Angiogram
After the images are taken, the catheter is removed. Pressure is applied to the insertion site to prevent bleeding, and a bandage or closure device may be used. The patient is monitored for a few hours for signs of bleeding or allergic reaction to the dye.
If the angiogram shows significant blockages, the doctor may recommend additional procedures like angioplasty or stent placement, sometimes performed immediately afterward.
Risks and Recovery
- Angiograms are generally safe, but potential risks include:
Bleeding or bruising at the insertion site
Allergic reaction to the contrast dye
Blood vessel damage or infection
Rare complications such as stroke or heart attack
Most patients can go home the same day or the next day and are advised to rest and avoid heavy lifting for a few days.
